![]() I absolutely love fish recipes, this crab stuffed salmon is stuffed with real crab meat and this pan-seared Chilean sea bass is super easy to make! Bake for 16 minutes and then top it off with the glaze and cook for an additional 2 minutes or until it fully cooks through. Yes, to make it in a traditional oven, preheat the oven to 375 degrees F. Make sure you cook the fish for 10 minutes before glazing it, honey burns quickly and if cooked for 12 minutes, it will burn!.Otherwise, if the fish is too cold, it will cook unevenly. Let the Chilean sea bass sit at room temperature for at least 20 minutes before cooking it.and cook for 2 minutes or until fully cooked through and the top is crispy and golden brown. Brush the fish with the honey garlic glaze, increase the temperature to 400 degrees F.While the fish cooks, combine the honey, soy sauce, fresh garlic, and red crushed pepper.Place it skin-side down in the air fryer basket and cook for 10 minutes. Season the fish fillets generously with kosher salt and black pepper on all sides.Preheat the air fryer to 375 degrees F and spray the basket with cooking spray. ![]() Want to make it even spicier? Add sriracha sauce instead! Red Crushed Pepper – It adds spice! Simply omit it if you’re not a fan. ![]() If it’s out of your budget use haddock, cod, or any type of white meaty fish. Any leftovers can be placed in an air-tight container and refrigerated for up to 3 days.Ĭhilean Sea Bass – It can be extremely expensive, almost 30 dollars per pound depending on where you purchase it from.It’s sweet and spicy, delicious, and can be paired with white rice or creamy mashed potatoes for a complete dinner meal.Chilean sea bass is packed with healthy fish oils and can be a low-carb meal if you omit the honey!.Why I Love This Air Fryer Honey Chilean Sea Bass I mean cooking seafood, is pretty easy overall but when you involve an air fryer it cooks almost immediately. If you enjoyed these air fryer scallops and these air fryer breaded shrimp, then you will love this air fryer Chilean sea bass.
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6/12/2023 0 Comments Denise riffle pornR&R Express walk in on Jimmy Valiant laying on the floor jerking off under a glass table that a hooker is shitting on. Steve Lombardi is/was Pat Patterson's secret lover. He decides to put the iron claw on it, killing the poor kitty. Kerry Von Erich sees a cat in the All Japan lockerroom. Kerry saw a cat, so he threw the saw blade at the cat, killing it. NWA World Champion Gene Kiniski bought Kevin Von Erich a hooker in Las Vegas, when Kevin was TWELVE.Ī coked up Kerry and Kevin were once playing with a saw blade in the back hallways at the sportatorium. Kerry Von Erich really had his foot amputated because he thought he could walk across a room on his just-surgically repaired foot for a cheeseburger, thus crushing it. Virgil got a job by unleashing his hose on Pat Patterson's desk. They had to break Brusier Brody's legs to fit him in a cheap Puerto Rican casket. Tommy Rich did some favors for Jim Barnett in exchange for the NWA World Title. ![]() Piper and others referring to the young boy as "cocksucker" like it's his name. Roddy Piper having a young "manservant" type who travels with him wherever he goes, holding his bags, opening doors for him, etc. Tommy Rich soaked his balls in a beer mug full of hydrogen peroxide. Kevin Sullivan spends his vacations at a nudist colony. The Urban Legends of Professional Wrestling! Haven't seen this list posted or talked about before, but it's been around since the early 2000's and thought I would post it here for all to enjoy, None should be taken as fact, But it's amusing all the same, as is the Interview Raven did with Honky Tonk Man where the list is discussed a bit and adds insight. ![]() To react to and discuss the show as it happens All of this can of course be appealed by messaging us. On the other hand, they also reserve the right to remove any post they feel breaks the rules. If they feel it's significant or unique to be up despite the rules. r/SquaredCircle has a very strict policy towards troll rumors (fake injury reports, releases, etc.) and those responsible for posting them are subject to being banned.Īt any time the moderators will use discretion on any given rule. Any posts posted seemingly for no reason but to bait, troll, or otherwise antagonize the community can and will be removed at the mods discretion. only if your inquiry does not receive a response in modmail within 48 hours.Ī text post should have sufficient text in its body to either strengthen the title, create discussion or add more information. You can submit a meta post about post removals, rule violations, etc. If you are inquiring about post removals, rule violations, etc., you must use mod-mail any private messages to a subreddit moderator about moderation will be ignored. Posts focused on sexual content will be removed. However, these may be posted as a self post with a description of the content. Low-effort, single image link posts, including but not limited to, screenshots, crude photoshops, and MS paint-style artwork, are subject to removal. Reposts generally follow a 120 day rule except for posts in our Hall of fame Obvious reposts and titles that are overly ambiguous will be deleted at the moderators' discretion. ![]() Only link to your own content if you contribute to the community. If you want to fix someone's post, or have a better example of what's been posted, tell us so in the comments, not by making a new post! an image with text on it done for comedic effect or with slight variation for the sake of a cheap laugh (if it can be found on /r/AdviceAnimals it doesn't belong here) or observations better suited to a text post. ![]() Any link post not featuring wrestling itself, or in relation to a wrestling show or the wrestling industry, is subject to removal. "All link posts must be directly related to wrestling. If your post contains spoilers put the tag at the START of your title and the show title. No spoilers in titles for 24 hours after a show has aired. In addition please follow redditquette and reddit's site-wide rules. Join the r/SquaredCircle Discord to chat with fellow fans and discuss live eventsĬlear rules that help give the subreddit a balance of content. Come here to discuss pro wrestling in all its forms and factions.įollow on for breaking news, AMA announcements, and much more! r/SquaredCircle or 'Wreddit' is a professional wrestling community driven by just that, the community. Wreddit Daily Discussion | SquaredCircle Discord They even went so far as to clarify that this was not an April Fools Day joke. worst case (and what the Xbox 360 commercial games account for) is up to 10. When Totally Reliable Delivery Service was launched back on April 1st, 2020, the devs stated that the iOS and Android versions of Totally Reliable Delivery Service were crossplay-enabled. A World of Distractions: Take a break from deliveries and play around! The world is chock full of toys, vehicles, and machines that can be used for work or play. If we ask for unordered but reliable delivery of our packets and the first. ![]() Sprint, leap, dive, and grapple with ease, but collide with something and you’ll be knocked out cold! Controlled Noodly Chaos: Unpredictable ragdoll physics meets snappy platforming. Totally Reliable Delivery Service - Steam Release Date Trailer The ragdoll physics-driven sandbox game is headed to Steam on April 1, 2021.Local and Online Multiplayer: Go it alone to ensure the safety of your deliveries, or join your friends and put your teamwork to the test.Totally Reliable Delivery Service Xbox One Full Version Free DownloadĪBOUT THIS GAME Buckle up your back brace and fire up the delivery truck, it’s time to deliver! Join up to four friends and haphazardly get the job done in an interactive sandbox world.ĭelivery attempted, that’s a Totally Reliable Delivery Service guarantee! 6/12/2023 0 Comments Smoke mk 11![]() ![]() Opponents who come in contact with the cloud are intoxicated, allowing Smoke to land a free hit on them. Stinky Cloud: Smoke jumps backward and a cloud of smoke takes his place.In Armageddon, this move is called Robo-Punch and Smoke performs it without a partner. We Live: Along with Noob Saibot, the two charge and punch the opponent.Dark Shadows: Smoke summons Noob Saibot, who appears and punches the opponent from behind.Death from Above: Smoke summons Noob Saibot from the air, who then appears and kicks the opponent in the face.Dark Assassin: Smoke summons Noob Saibot to toss shuriken at the opponent.The enhanced version is called Vanish and it turns him completely invisible.In MK 2011, Smoke only becomes partially invisible, with his body still distorting light. Invisibility: Smoke disappears while a puff of smoke helps him become invisible.Air Throw: While in the air, Smoke grabs the opponent and throws them back on the ground.Smokeycut: Smoke goes underground and then teleports under the opponent, performing a vertical uppercut, hitting them on the way up.Leg Takedown: Smoke trips the opponent with a leg scissor takedown.Teleport Punch: Smoke teleports behind his opponent, punching them in the head.Smoke uses the spear in his secret fight in MK 2011.In his cyborg form, Smoke would catapult a trident-like spear from his chest rather than his arm. Spear: In MKII, Smoke would send out a rope tipped with a Kunai at the end to impale the victim and pull them through the air towards him for a free hit and would cause minor damage, identical to Scorpion.In the second live-action film, Mortal Kombat: Annihilation, Smoke is armed with rockets, like Sektor, and has the ability to transform himself into smoke in order to ambush his enemies. As shown in his Fatalities, his smoke also emits extreme levels of heat. As such, he is able to not only actively utilize his namesake as an extensive weapon, but he is also able to morph his entire body into a cloud of vapor, allowing him to move swiftly around his opponent as well as escape from enemies or potential captors. It is revealed in his ending that he is in fact an enenra, a demonic creature composed entirely of smoke and vapor. In Mortal Kombat (2011), Smoke remains in his human form and his abilities are explored deeper. In Mortal Kombat: Armageddon, he is seen to be able to mind control other people by inserting his gaseous mist into them. Whatever the case, due to further modifications made on his body by Noob Saibot, he has become a demon nonetheless. In later appearances, due to Smoke's cybernetic "upgrades", his body appears to effectively be made out of smoke, or at least his nanomachines emulate the appearance of it. From Mortal Kombat: Deception onward, Smoke is seen using smoke-related attacks, such as causing his opponent to cough as well as teleporting. In MKII, he was depicted as moving at extremely high speeds, much faster than the other two hidden ninjas. His powers as a human were unknown for the most part, but in both forms, his body emits a constant smoky fume, probably to obscure his movements from the opponent. Of all the three cyborg ninjas, Smoke appears to specialize in stealth and speed. In Mortal Kombat (2011), it's revealed that he has long, flowing silver hair that covers his face, although it is shown being blown back in renders and artwork.Ĭombat Characteristics Powers and Abilities This, combined with his power to teleport and turn invisible, once made him one of the Lin Kuei's top assassins. His most defining feature is the fact that he constantly emits smoke. In this appearance, he would be a tortured human soul trapped in the body of a cyborg. Smoke would not have his own storyline until he was featured in Mortal Kombat 3, where he was once again a hidden character, but accessible to players with the use of a code. He would appear randomly before matches, offering clues that would enable the player to fight him, as Reptile had in the original Mortal Kombat. Like Reptile when he made his first appearance, he was simply a palette-swap of Scorpion with puffs of smoke surrounding him, but would move extremely fast. He was often spotted in the Living Forest stage in which he (along with Jade) peeked out of the trees. Smoke debuted in Mortal Kombat II as a hidden character to fight against, along with Noob Saibot and Jade. ![]() 6.3 Mortal Kombat 3/ Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3/ Mortal Kombat Trilogy.5.4 Mortal Kombat Legends: Battle of the Realms. 6/12/2023 0 Comments State of nh oplcThe proposal would also make some professional licensing boards advisory and eliminate or combine others. “The State’s licensing requirements should not impose unnecessary barriers to workforce opportunities or be the reason someone decides not to move here,” Lindsey Courtney, the office’s executive director, said in the release.Īmong other changes, it would establish universal license recognition, allowing professionals in good standing in other states to quickly obtain licenses in New Hampshire. The proposal comes after the state’s Office of Professional Licensure and Certification (OPLC) reviewed more than 50 professional licensing boards and various requirements, looking for ways to improve efficiency and lower barriers to entering the workforce, according to a news release announcing the proposed changes. This is a high-quality website that has no affiliation with any federal or state department, agency, bureau, professional board, office, or commission.NHPR The governor proposed repealing 34 professional licenses, including foresters. We always make sure to confirm any new information fast and publish it for free for the benefits of you and all users who need information for OPLC NH Lookup (New Hampshire). ![]() If you find new data for OPLC NH or OPLC NH Lookup (New Hampshire), we would appreciate if you dropped us a quick message via the contact us page form or the comments form below. Users may find new information for OPLC NH Lookup (New Hampshire) and they share it with us, helping us help other users. This website is a board of contractor license hub that provides the best and most updated information for OPLC NH Lookup (New Hampshire) and other contractor licenses nationwide. You can visit the New Hampshire Office of Professional Licensure and Certification official website by clicking here. Zip: 03301 New Hampshire Office of Professional Licensure and Certification Website New Hampshire Office of Professional Licensure and Certification (OPLC NH) New Hampshire Office of Professional Licensure and Certification (OPLC NH) address where you can send official mail including letters, documents and forms in regards to OPLC NH Lookup (New Hampshire) is: ![]() New Hampshire Office of Professional Licensure and Certification (OPLC NH) Address for OPLC NH Lookup (New Hampshire) What is OPLC NH address for OPLC NH Lookup (New Hampshire)? New Hampshire Office of Professional Licensure and Certification fax number where you can send fax messages, documents and forms in regards to OPLC NH Lookup (New Hampshire) is (603) 271-6702.ĭo you need any assistance with New Hampshire Office of Professional Licensure and Certification, or other contractor license matters from our team, please send us the details of your inquiry using the contact us form or the comments form below. New Hampshire Office of Professional Licensure and Certification Fax Number What is New Hampshire Office of Professional Licensure and Certification fax number? The best hours to call New Hampshire Office of Professional Licensure and Certification and talk to a real person at OPLC NH regarding OPLC NH Lookup (New Hampshire) are between 10:30 am to 16:00 pm on weekdays. New Hampshire Office of Professional Licensure and Certification Calling Hours What are the best hours to call New Hampshire Office of Professional Licensure and Certification for OPLC NH Lookup (New Hampshire) related matters? New Hampshire Office of Professional Licensure and Certification main number (OPLC NH Number) to talk to an agent of OPLC NH with regards to OPLC NH Lookup (New Hampshire) and contractor license issues is (603) 271-2152. New Hampshire Office of Professional Licensure and Certification Phone Number for OPLC NH Lookup (New Hampshire) What is New Hampshire Office of Professional Licensure and Certification phone number for OPLC NH Lookup (New Hampshire)? 6/12/2023 0 Comments Free download easy translator![]() Support cursor translator more fluently in IE9Mini windowsInnovative zoned word translator can translate as many as 23 languages of text into your native language(or other language)Natural voice can perfectly pronounce word just like a native English speaker. All Languages Translator is a free Translator App, personal translation app for more than 140 languages, to translate text, voice, conversations, camera photos and screenshots. Support cursor translator more fluently in IE9Mini windowsInnovative zoned word translator can translate as many as 23 languages of text into your native language(or other language)Natural voice can perfectly pronounce word just like a native English speaker.Provide plugin for Adobe Acrobat ProSupport cursor translator more fluently in Firefox 3 Changes Some of its other features are really useful, though. The program leans on Google for the translation function which I find to be weak as many words are not translated correctly or not even found.īecause of strange performance issues, Lingoes is not worth using if you're just looking for an on-the-fly dictionary or translator. To translate text, speech, and websites in more than 100 languages, go to Google Translate page. I think this is a major bug as it invalidates massively the application's main utility which would be to have an always-available dictionary without having to change window. You can translate text, handwriting, photos, and speech in over 100 languages with the Google Translate app. The disappointing aspect of this feature is that it doesn't work with a lot of words (unfortunately, I have to say, the majority), even if they appear in the list of definitions that Lingoes has in its database. Theoretically the most useful tool is that by pressing CTRL+ right click on whatever word you have on your screen, a pop-up window should appear with the definition of that word, a search tool for a deeper definition and also an audio file with the correct pronunciation. There are also some useful tools like the periodic table, an abbreviation chart and an irregular verbs one, plus an international time zone converter, a dialing codes directory, a weights & measures converter and to end a currency converter. On the whole, Lingoes is an interesting application which combines a comprehensive dictionary with a translator service (while looking and feeling mysteriously similar to its competitor, Babylon). With a QuickBooks feature, you can track all translations expenses easily and get details about the number of users that have used Easy Translator, the number of documents that have been translated and the cost per document.Easy dictionary and translator for more than 60 languages The software is compatible with Microsoft Word, Outlook and other applications. Easy Translator provides high quality translations, and it comes with comprehensive translation checker that checks the accuracy of the translations. You can select any language that you want to translate text into, and once your document is completed, you can easily restore the original source language. ![]() This is one of the many features that makes this translation tool an ideal choice for any kind of business that deals with documents and translations.Īnother great feature of Easy Translator is that it comes with a number of popular languages such as German, Spanish, French, Chinese, Japanese, Russian and many more. Easy Translator also ensures that your translations are accurate and free from grammatical errors, and it ensures that you do not miss out on any important text or information in the translated documents. It has been downloaded by many people from all over the world who need easy translations for their websites and various business documents. The main advantage of this Ace Translations translation tool compared to others is that it supports the full range of languages that are spoken around the world. Easy Translator is available for free download from Ace Resources website and is not difficult to set up and use. The tool is very simple to install and use, and the majority of its interface consists of a dictionary, grammar and spell checker. The software can be used on Windows as well as Linux operating systems. Download Easy Translator 19.0.0.0 free - offers free software downloads for Windows, Mac, iOS and Android computers and mobile devices. Easy Translator is an Ace transcripts translator that is able to provide a fast translation of any sort from all languages and makes it simple to translate large files such as technical manuals or PPT presentations from different sources with ease. 6/12/2023 0 Comments Wotb replay player![]() Theyre nimble scouts, and the T-100 LT and other higher-tier tanks feature a new spotting mechanic. Something worthy of being fixed, perhaps instead of other things developement time is being spent on at WG. World of Tanks Blitz - Break into the world of esports'- NEW BRANCH of Soviet light tanks. ![]() This way you can RELIVE the glorious battles you have performed and enjoyed in times before. Well, works but as always.the REPLAY can only run on its compatible version of the. EXE run and it will either lockup or make you logon - which tell me that its incompatible. General bugs and client crashes have been fixed. Various screens, descriptions, and notifications have also been improved. Ambient sounds in battle have been improved for mobile devices. ![]() Areas where vehicles became stuck were fixed, and the models of buildings and objects were adjusted for some maps. Now I have not done this but clicking on the OLD REPLAY file will make the NEWER WOW's. Replay recording is now enabled by default. EXEcutable and WALA.the OLD REPLAY file runs. Find the WorldOfTanks.exe file in the root folder of the game client (default location: C:GamesWorldofTanks) and press 'Open': Step 6: Press the 'OK' button in the 'Open with. Choose the new absolutely free-to-play massively multiplayer online game and get involved in tank battles with vehicles from the middle of. I just go into the WOWs replay folder (in the old version) and drop that file onto the OLD WOWs. FRAPS ) to record the gameplay and save it as. Whenever you post replay into discord channel the bot uploads it to the database and shows you nice stats about your battle. You can also automatically upload your replays by using Discord bots: wotbot and SerBot. The only way to turn it to actual video would be to load the replay in World of Tanks and use a screen recording software (e.g. Email your replay to to make it added to the library and receive the download link. Well, I have a solution for that.īEFORE the major patch has happened, just copy out your whole WOW's folder into another folder or directory.In my case I copied to another Drive ID partition. You cant directly convert World of Tanks replays (.wotreplay suffix) to some movie format like MP4 video, because the replay itself does not contain any video data. Players can also share WOTBREPLAY files with each other if they want to watch each others replays. As you know for every major patch your replay files become 'orphaned' so they no longer can be replayed by the new upgrade patch just wrote all over your WOW game folder. These replays are saved as WOTBREPLAY files. 6/12/2023 0 Comments Strukt creates![]() The first weft yarn follows the formula, while the second weft yarn is in the opposite direction of the first one. The repeat of weft rib is always on two weft yarns. These cords or ridges are formed due to the grouping of the warp yarns. This modified interlacement results in the formation of cords, ridges, or texture across the weft direction of the fabric. It has 1/1 interlacements in the warp direction, which differs from the simple plain weaves. Weft ribs are another modified form of plain weaves. Design of the above-stated warp rib is shown in Figure-3. ![]() For example, 2/2 warp rib requires 2 warp yarns and 4 weft yarns. The number of weft yarns in a repeat unit of this weave is equal to the sum of the digits in formula of warp rib. It requires two heald frames at least, but multiple of these can also be employed. The first warp yarn follows the formula, while the second warp yarn is in the opposite direction of the first one. The repeat of warp rib is always on two warp yarns. These cords or ridges are formed due to the grouping of the filling yarns. This modified interlacement results in the formation of cords, ridges, or texture across the warp direction of the fabric. It has 1/1 interlacements in the filling direction, which differs from the simple plain weaves. Warp ribs are a modified form of plain weave. It is used in cambric, muslin, blanket, canvas, dhothi, saree, shirting, suiting, etc. In this type of weave, the warp and filling yarns cross alternately. A minimum of two heald frames are required for this weave, but more than two (multiple of basic weave) heald frames can be used to weave this construction. At least two ends and two picks are required to weave its basic unit. In trade, the special names like broadcloth, taffeta, shantung, poplin, calico, tabby, and alpaca are applied to plain weave. This maximum interlacement imparts firmness and stability to the structure. Plain is the simplest and commonly used weave, in which warp and weft threads interlace in alternate manner (as shown in Figure-2), giving maximum number of interlacements. Neighbouring warp yarns pass over the adjacent weft yarns. ![]() In a plain weave, each warp yarn passes over alternate weft yarns. Fig-1: Different types of fabric weave structureĭifferent Types of Fabric Weaves and Their Names:Īll types of basic weave structure are described briefly. In this article I will discuss about different types of basic weave structure and their names. All the others are derivatives of these basic weaves or their combination. The basic weave structure are plain, twill, and satin. The great varieties of weaves found in the textiles of today are modifications of a few fundamental weaves invented in the earliest times. Fabrics are manufactured in wide varieties and design. Weave structure is the design by which fabric is produced. Weave is the interlacing pattern warp and weft yarns, in order to produce a woven fabric. The pattern or repeat is the smallest unit of the weave which when repeated will produce the design required in the fabric. The fabric weave or design is the manner in which the warp and weft are interlaced. 6/12/2023 0 Comments Airo collapsible truck rack![]() If there's a rack or carrier you have your heart set on that you don’t see listed, contact us right away and we'll see if we can get it for you. You'll get the lowest price and fast shipping when you choose Discount Ramps for your ATV transportation needs. With several models to choose from, our boxes are built to last. Loading and unloading an ATV carrier is quick and simple, leaving you more time for riding. AeroBoxes stand tough through the harshest weather and road conditions. Add a set of our ATV loading ramps and you'll be ready to head to a work site, wilderness trail, or race course. FREE delivery Tue, May 2 on 25 of items shipped by Amazon. Picking out the best roof rack system for your vehicle might seem overwhelming, especially if you wait ‘til the last minute before your road trip to the beach or the mountains.The decision isn’t made any easier by the fact that there aren’t only different brands, but different shapes of roof rack bars. With a strong frame and simple design, these ATV truck racks are versatile and affordable. AUCELI Car Trunk Organizer, Backseat Hanging Large Storage with Adjustable Straps, Waterproof Collapsible Cargo Bag with 4 Pockets, Sturdy Space Saver Frees Trunk Floor for SUV, Truck, MPV (Black) 1799. A variety of weight capabilities are available, with premium models accommodating up to 2,000-lbs. SMART DESIGN The arms fold up and down with ease for quick storage and easy loading. If you have a narrower quad, you can use a UTV equipment rack that supports the rear wheels on the trailer hitch while the rest of the vehicle sits in the pickup bed. A QUIET DRIVE This bike rack hitch comes with an anti-rattle hitch tightener which can be used to solidify the connection and stop wobbling, rocking, banging, clanking and jerking, and keep your journey safer. ![]() We have hitch-mount carriers that support your entire vehicle using the trailer receiver, and over-bed truck racks that hold your ATV above the truck bed. A premium ATV carrier rack makes hauling your 4x4 easy. The top choice of many contractors, the Load Runner is rated for maximum payload allowed by truck manufacturers with high strength two inch round tubing. Thanks to our experience and continuous attention to innovation, our commitment is to enable you to work at height in complete comfort, concentrating only on your activities. The inventor of Invis-A-Rack, constructor worker Donny McCall of Sparta, North Carolina, pitched his business on Shark Tank in. Many people prefer to avoid using trailers, due to the high costs and reduced maneuverability associated with them. With Airo platforms you can carry out any type of task at height in complete safety. Invis-a-Rack is a collapsible cargo rack for truck beds.
6/12/2023 0 Comments Temperature of sun corona![]() “But it’s a very difficult measurement to make,” he says. ![]() “People have thought about this as a possible heating mechanism for so long that an actual demonstration that it’s occurring in the solar wind is important,” says Marco Velli, a plasma physicist at the University of California, Los Angeles. While previous observations indirectly supported the cyclotron resonant heating model, the PSP has now provided the first direct measurement of the heating, confirming that cyclotron waves indeed are responsible for a significant fraction of the heating in the corona and the solar wind. They found that the heating rate was consistent with a property measured by previous probes: the extent to which turbulent energy at larger length scales cascades down to smaller scales. From these measurements, they were able to deduce the rate at which the waves heat solar wind protons. They also studied the electric and magnetic fields of the waves that resonantly excite motion in the protons. The team looked at the distribution of velocities of protons in a solar wind stream (a narrow jet that makes up a small part of the solar wind). Trevor Bowen of the University of California, Berkeley, and his colleagues have now analyzed PSP data and found direct evidence of cyclotron resonant heating. NASA’s Parker Solar Probe (PSP) recently flew closer to the Sun’s surface than any previous spacecraft, and its mission was to provide data on the mechanisms that heat the corona and the solar wind (see the graphical explanation, Special Feature: To Touch the Sun, and Viewpoint: Momentous Crossing of a Solar Boundary). Although these previous observations provided tantalizing clues in favor of cyclotron resonant heating, there has not been direct evidence. For example, a large amount of the heating appears to affect ion motion perpendicular to the magnetic-field lines, so the cyclotron motion of ions would be a natural explanation. Some key past observations support the cyclotron-resonant heating model. The Parker Solar Probe’s mission is to investigate the flow of solar energy into the corona and the solar wind. There are several other proposed heating mechanisms, and it’s likely that more than one of them is in effect. This energy boost heats the corona and the solar wind, which consists of particles that follow magnetic-field lines extending outward from the corona. This resonance allows these waves to pump energy into the ions’ cyclotron motion-helical trajectories that spiral around magnetic-field lines. One idea, called cyclotron resonant heating, is that the turbulent cascade generates waves that are short enough to be in resonance with the motion of ions in the corona. Instead, something more exotic must be occurring. But the plasma of charged particles that constitutes the solar corona is not dense enough for collisions between particles to generate enough heat to explain the coronal temperature. These long-wavelength, low-frequency magnetic waves travel into the corona and the solar wind, generating disordered waves at progressively shorter wavelengths. Heat-driven turbulence below the surface disturbs the solar magnetic-field lines that extend into the corona, causing waves to propagate like the vibrations of a plucked guitar string. Solar physicists think that a similar turbulent cascade happens in the Sun. The energy in the smallest eddies is converted into heat through collisions between molecules. In fluid dynamics, turbulence causes heating through a process known as turbulent energy cascade, where large eddies are converted into progressively smaller eddies. The exact mechanism of heating has been debated for decades, but the story appears to start with turbulent flow in the Sun’s convection zone, the outermost layer below the surface. Now, with data from the Parker Solar Probe, researchers have found evidence supporting a partial explanation for this mystery: magnetic waves driven by subsurface turbulence can impart energy to ions in these regions. The Sun’s surface temperature is around six thousand degrees kelvin, but the solar atmosphere-the corona and the solar wind-can reach a million degrees kelvin, a long-standing mystery in solar physics. Researchers have now confirmed one suspected source of heating. ![]() Experts are not sure why the solar corona and the solar wind are hundreds of times hotter than the surface of the Sun, but they have several theories. ![]() Million-degree plasma cools and falls to the surface, resulting in a phenomenon known as coronal rain. |